> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://private-7c7dfe99-mintlify-fbfa8bee.mintlify.site/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# chDB

> chDB is an in-process SQL OLAP Engine powered by ClickHouse

export const Image = ({img, alt, size}) => {
  return <Frame>
      <img src={img} alt={alt} />
    </Frame>;
};

chDB is a fast in-process SQL OLAP Engine powered by [ClickHouse](https://github.com/clickhouse/clickhouse) v25.8.2.1.
You can use it when you want to get the power of ClickHouse in a programming language without needing to connect to a ClickHouse server.

<h2 id="key-features">
  Key features
</h2>

* **In-process SQL OLAP Engine** - Powered by ClickHouse, no need to install ClickHouse server
* **Multiple data formats** - Input & Output support for Parquet, CSV, JSON, Arrow, ORC and [70+ more formats](/reference/formats/index)
* **Minimized data copy** - From C++ to Python with [python memoryview](https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/memoryview.html)
* **Rich Python Ecosystem Integration** - Native support for Pandas, Arrow, DB API 2.0, seamlessly fits into existing data science workflows
* **Zero dependencies** - No need for external database installations
* **DataStore API** - Pandas-compatible API with SQL optimization, supporting 630+ methods

<h2 id="datastore">
  DataStore: Pandas-Compatible API
</h2>

**NEW!** DataStore provides a pandas-compatible API that combines familiar pandas syntax with ClickHouse performance.

<Tip>
  **Get Started on Hex**

  * 📖 <a href="https://app.hex.tech/partnerships/app/chDB-Tutorial-032XsQ4qoKtlXxcw49joav/latest" target="_blank"><b>Getting Started Tutorial</b></a> — set up your first connection
  * 🚀 <a href="https://app.hex.tech/signup/clickhouse-30" target="_blank"><b>Extended 30-day Hex Trial</b></a> — full access to ClickHouse integrations
</Tip>

<h3 id="one-line-migration">
  One-Line Migration
</h3>

```python theme={null}
# Just change your import - your pandas code works unchanged
- import pandas as pd
+ from chdb import datastore as pd

df = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
result = df[df['age'] > 25].groupby('city')['salary'].mean()
```

<h3 id="performance-highlights">
  Performance Highlights
</h3>

| Operation        | pandas  | DataStore | Speedup    |
| ---------------- | ------- | --------- | ---------- |
| GroupBy count    | 347ms   | 17ms      | **19.93x** |
| Complex pipeline | 2,047ms | 380ms     | **5.39x**  |
| Filter+Sort+Head | 1,537ms | 350ms     | **4.40x**  |

*Benchmarks on 10M rows*

<h3 id="datastore-features">
  DataStore Features
</h3>

* **630+ API methods** - 209 pandas DataFrame methods, 185+ accessor methods
* **Lazy evaluation** - Operations compile to optimized SQL
* **SQL pushdown** - Filters and aggregations run at the data source
* **Universal data sources** - Read from files, S3, databases, data lakes

Learn more: [DataStore Documentation](/products/chdb/datastore/index)

<h2 id="what-languages-are-supported-by-chdb">
  What languages are supported by chDB?
</h2>

chDB has the following language bindings:

* [Python](/products/chdb/install/python) - [API Reference](/products/chdb/api/python)
* [Go](/products/chdb/install/go)
* [Rust](/products/chdb/install/rust)
* [NodeJS](/products/chdb/install/nodejs)
* [Bun](/products/chdb/install/bun)
* [C and C++](/products/chdb/install/c)

<h2 id="how-do-i-get-started">
  How do I get started?
</h2>

* If you're using [Go](/products/chdb/install/go), [Rust](/products/chdb/install/rust), [NodeJS](/products/chdb/install/nodejs), [Bun](/products/chdb/install/bun) or [C and C++](/products/chdb/install/c), take a look at the corresponding language pages.
* If you're using Python, see the [getting started developer guide](/products/chdb/getting-started) or the [chDB on-demand course](https://learn.clickhouse.com/user_catalog_class/show/1901178).

<h3 id="for-pandas-users">
  For pandas Users
</h3>

Start with the DataStore API for a familiar pandas experience with ClickHouse performance:

* [DataStore Quickstart](/products/chdb/datastore/quickstart) - Installation and one-line migration
* [Migration from pandas](/products/chdb/guides/migration-from-pandas) - Step-by-step migration guide
* [Pandas Cookbook](/products/chdb/guides/pandas-cookbook) - Common patterns
* [Key Differences](/products/chdb/guides/pandas-differences) - Important differences from pandas
* [Performance Guide](/products/chdb/guides/pandas-performance) - Optimization tips

<h3 id="datastore-reference">
  DataStore API Reference
</h3>

* [Factory Methods](/products/chdb/datastore/factory-methods) - Create from files, databases, cloud storage
* [Query Building](/products/chdb/datastore/query-building) - SQL-style operations
* [Pandas Compatibility](/products/chdb/datastore/pandas-compat) - 209 compatible methods
* [Accessors](/products/chdb/datastore/accessors) - .str, .dt, .arr, .json, .url, .ip, .geo
* [Configuration](/products/chdb/configuration/index) - Engine, logging, profiling
* [Debugging](/products/chdb/debugging/index) - explain(), profiling, logging

<h3 id="sql-guides">
  SQL API Guides
</h3>

* [Python API Reference](/products/chdb/api/python) - Complete SQL API documentation
* [JupySQL](/products/chdb/guides/jupysql)
* [Querying Pandas](/products/chdb/guides/querying-pandas)
* [Querying Apache Arrow](/products/chdb/guides/querying-apache-arrow)
* [Querying data in S3](/products/chdb/guides/querying-s3-bucket)
* [Querying Parquet files](/products/chdb/guides/querying-parquet)
* [Querying remote ClickHouse](/products/chdb/guides/query-remote-clickhouse)
* [Using clickhouse-local database](/products/chdb/guides/clickhouse-local)

<h2 id="an-introductory-video">
  An introductory video
</h2>

Watch a brief introduction to chDB and learn how it brings ClickHouse's power to your Python environment:

<div class="vimeo-container">
  <Frame>
    <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/e_yL0dlX6k4" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen />
  </Frame>
</div>

<h2 id="performance-benchmarks">
  Performance benchmarks
</h2>

chDB delivers exceptional performance across different scenarios:

* **[ClickBench of embedded engines](https://benchmark.clickhouse.com/#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)** - SQL API performance comparison
* **[DataFrame Benchmark](https://benchmark.clickhouse.com/#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)** - DataFrame engines comparison
* **[DataStore vs Pandas](/products/chdb/datastore/index#performance)** - Up to 20x faster than pandas on common operations

<Image img="https://mintcdn.com/private-7c7dfe99-mintlify-fbfa8bee/Sr_JUhB6DLeeNQJ0/images/chdb/df_bench.png?fit=max&auto=format&n=Sr_JUhB6DLeeNQJ0&q=85&s=9841852d88736ccf1d11516d9b61ec2f" alt="DataFrame benchmark results" size="md" width="1804" height="1098" data-path="images/chdb/df_bench.png" />

<h2 id="about-chdb">
  About chDB
</h2>

* Read the full story about the birth of the chDB project on [blog](https://clickhouse.com/blog/chdb-embedded-clickhouse-rocket-engine-on-a-bicycle)
* Read about chDB and its use cases on the [Blog](https://clickhouse.com/blog/welcome-chdb-to-clickhouse)
* Take the [chDB on-demand course](https://learn.clickhouse.com/user_catalog_class/show/1901178)
* Discover chDB in your browser using [codapi examples](https://antonz.org/trying-chdb/)
* More examples see ([https://github.com/chdb-io/chdb/tree/main/examples](https://github.com/chdb-io/chdb/tree/main/examples))

<h2 id="license">
  License
</h2>

chDB is available under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See [LICENSE](https://github.com/chdb-io/chdb/blob/main/LICENSE.txt) for more information.
